Wpa wireless network - Mar 11, 2008 · For list-name, specify the authentication method list. Step 6. authentication key-management { [ wpa] [ cckm ]} [ optional] (Optional) Sets the authentication type for the SSID to WPA, CCKM, or both. If you use the optional keyword, client devices other than WPA and CCKM clients can use this SSID.

 
Jan 5, 2018 · It also work well on both WPA/WPA2 wireless networks. These are the tools you would require to connect to wireless network in Linux’s command line terminal. 1) Ping. 2) ip. 3) iw. 4) wpa-supplicant. Brief summary of the tools mentioned. IW. It is anew 802.11 base CLI configuration utility for all wireless devices.. Backing up files

Sep 22, 2023 · WPA2, or Wireless Protected Access 2, is a security protocol that uses advanced data encryption technology to safeguard WiFi networks. This encryption method protects sensitive information transmitted over the network, making it more secure against unauthorized access. This is where security protocols and technology, such as WPA2 …Jul 5, 2019 · Turn your attention back inside the network block now. If you’re connecting to a hidden network, add the line below after your password. scan_ssid=1. Then, add in the protocol and key management settings for WPA2. If you’re using anything else, stop and upgrade to WPA2. proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-PSK. Next, tell WPA_Supplicant to use …Mar 30, 2021 · 所以,我先使用wpa_supplicant(8)进行无线连接,这里不展开介绍,可以参考「with WPA Supplicant」一文。 注意,使用 wpa_supplicant(8) 只是临时连接无线热点,“临时”不是不能连接热点,因为它不太适用于网络的管理,在管理方面不如NetworkManager灵活。PMP 450 software advancements increase sector throughput capacity by up to 30% and new Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) antenna options can extend... PMP 450 software advancements ...1) Encryption technology. All BT Hubs include a built-in security system that protects your wi-fi network from anyone trying to access it without your wireless key. Check the table to see what type of wireless security your model of Hub uses. WPA2 (and its predecessor WPA) are encryption technologies used to keep wireless networks secure and ...Mar 22, 2021 · 2、wpa_cli 的使用. 根据其他博客的方式,直接使用这样的方式,会把报错。. 在我自己的板子上会报错,因为网卡不同,或者说配置文件的路径不同。. wpa_cli - i wlan0 scan. 因此,我们通过使用指定路径的方式,进行运行. 首先运行 ifconfig 可以指导网卡的名 …Jan 10, 2013 ... On Win7 or later, from the command prompt, enter "netsh wlan show interfaces" and you will get what you want. This may work on Vista ...Finally there was wireless encryption that lacked all of WEP’s major weaknesses. But WPS (WiFi Protected Setup) is a part of WPA2 technology that was made to make using WiFi easier with certain devices. Without getting into too much technical jargon, cyber attackers found a way to bypass WPA2 encryption through WPS.Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 is a network security technology commonly used on Wi-Fi wireless networks. It's an upgrade from the original WPA technology, which was …Finally there was wireless encryption that lacked all of WEP’s major weaknesses. But WPS (WiFi Protected Setup) is a part of WPA2 technology that was made to make using WiFi easier with certain devices. Without getting into too much technical jargon, cyber attackers found a way to bypass WPA2 encryption through WPS.In today’s digital age, having a secure wireless internet password is crucial to protect your personal information and keep your network safe from potential threats. One of the mos...Ask your network administrator which type of security your network uses; while most home networks currently use WPA and WPA2 personal security, public networks sometimes use WPA and WPA2 enterprise security. ... By default, the wireless network hosted from your Raspberry Pi exists separately from the parent network connected via Ethernet.Disable sharing: Wi-Fi enabled devices may automatically enable themselves to sharing / connecting with other devices when attaching to a wireless network. File and printer sharing may be common in business and home networks, but this should be avoided in a public network such as a hotel, restaurant, or airport hotspot.Wifi can only be preconfigured before the first time device boots i.e. /boot/wpa_supplicant.conf is only read once the first time device boots up. If you have booted the device with no wpa_supplicant.conf file or invalid wpa_supplicant.conf file, then you'll need to either reflash the SD card or overwrite the /data/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf file.Dec 5, 2012 · # This entry is used for any wireless networks without an id_str property iface default inet dhcp # This is for wireless networks with an id_str="home" iface home inet dhcp ... I am not sure why you needed to replace wpa-roam with wpa-conf. I have a wireless lan adapter (as I assume you do too -- wlan0 implies as much).Mar 22, 2021 · 2、wpa_cli 的使用. 根据其他博客的方式,直接使用这样的方式,会把报错。. 在我自己的板子上会报错,因为网卡不同,或者说配置文件的路径不同。. wpa_cli - i wlan0 scan. 因此,我们通过使用指定路径的方式,进行运行. 首先运行 ifconfig 可以指导网卡的名 …Sep 22, 2023 · WPA2, or Wireless Protected Access 2, is a security protocol that uses advanced data encryption technology to safeguard WiFi networks. This encryption method protects sensitive information transmitted over the network, making it more secure against unauthorized access. This is where security protocols and technology, such as WPA2 …My network is secured via WPA. My wireless card is internal, so it would be a little cumbersome to take it out and put it back in. But I doubt that anything is wrong with the wireless card, because it can connect just fine …PMP 450 software advancements increase sector throughput capacity by up to 30% and new Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) antenna options can extend... PMP 450 software advancements ... · This is an open source tool to dump the wifi profiles and cleartext passwords of the connected access points on the Windows machine. This tool will help you in a Wifi penetration testing. Furthermore, it is useful while performing red team or an internal infrastructure engagements. penetration-testing wireless-network wifi-dumper wireless ...Wireless networks, such as WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), based on the 802.11 standards, can be accessed from a distance, in contrast ... Although the basic goal of both WPA and WEP was to create a secure wireless environment, WPA took a very different approach, relying on more sophisticated encryption and authentication methods ...I have a very robust internet connection (1 Gbps) there and octopi was quickly recognized on my network and I was able to use it with my 3D printer and web cam with no trouble. I have since moved the printer to another location with a different network and modified the octopi-wpa-supplicant.txt with the new network data using Notepad 3.Dec 12, 2023 · Wireless supplicant. If the wireless network is set up with WPA or WPA2, then a wireless supplicant like wpa_supplicant or iwd needs to be used. For more information on configuring wireless networking in Gentoo Linux, please read the Wireless networking chapter in the Gentoo Handbook. TestingFeb 21, 2012 · A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a group of wireless networking devices within a limited geographic area, such as an office building, that exchange data through radio communications. The security of each WLAN is heavily dependent on how well each WLAN component—including client devices, access points (AP), and wireless switches—is secured throughout the WLAN lifecycle, from initial ... Jun 24, 2019 · Using Wireless Keys. To use a wireless key on a home network, an administrator must first enable a security method on the broadband router. Home routers offer a choice among multiple options usually including. Among these, WPA2-AES should be used whenever possible.Nov 25, 2020 · It provides wireless security through the use of an encryption key. It uses an old encryption method that is Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4). It uses 40 bit key and 24 bit random number. 2. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security protocol which is used in securing wireless networks and designed to replace the WEP protocol. Security. WEP vs. WPA vs. WPA2 vs. WPA3: Wi-Fi Security Types Explained. By Gavin Phillips. Updated Nov 8, 2022. There are many types of wireless security but which should you be using? Which Wi-Fi …To find the SSID of a wireless network, locate the wireless router, and look for the SSID label on the bottom or side panel. Alternatively, open an Internet browser, type the route...... WPA-PSK that do not require a RADIUS. The switch ... wireless networks can be gained without changing a single piece of hardware. ... After equipping their devices ...Nov 28, 2022 · Instead, IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi has become the go-to network access technology for users and endpoints. Wireless LANs offer many advantages over their wired alternatives. They are reliable and flexible, and they can reduce cost of ownership. WLANs offer easy installation, the ability to move and not be tied to a physical location, and scalability. 'ESSID:"testing"' is the name of the WiFi network. 'IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1' is the authentication used. In this case it's WPA2, the newer and more secure wireless standard which replaces WPA. This guide should work for WPA or WPA2, but may not work for WPA2 enterprise. For WEP hex keys, see the last example here. You'll also need the ...Run airmon-ng start wlan0 to start monitoring the network. If the name of your Wi-Fi interface isn't wlan0, replace that part of the command with the correct name.This gives you a new virtual interface name, which will usually be something like mon0, which you'll see next to "(monitor mode enabled).". If you see a message that says "Found …Nov 4, 2020 ... To resolve this issue, change the security mode setting of your access point to WPA2 Personal Mixed or WPA. For help changing the settings of ...Nov 11, 2022 ... I am trying to set up WiFi access on a new network for HP Photosmart C4750, and nothing works. It was previously on another WiFi, ...Jan 5, 2018 · It also work well on both WPA/WPA2 wireless networks. These are the tools you would require to connect to wireless network in Linux’s command line terminal. 1) Ping. 2) ip. 3) iw. 4) wpa-supplicant. Brief summary of the tools mentioned. IW. It is anew 802.11 base CLI configuration utility for all wireless devices.1) Encryption technology. All BT Hubs include a built-in security system that protects your wi-fi network from anyone trying to access it without your wireless key. Check the table to see what type of wireless security your model of Hub uses. WPA2 (and its predecessor WPA) are encryption technologies used to keep wireless networks secure and ...Tracfone Wireless Inc is one of the leading wireless communication providers in the United States. With a wide range of affordable plans and extensive coverage, Tracfone has garner...Nov 25, 2020 · It provides wireless security through the use of an encryption key. It uses an old encryption method that is Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4). It uses 40 bit key and 24 bit random number. 2. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security protocol which is used in securing wireless networks and designed to replace the WEP protocol. Feb 6, 2024 ... WiFi networks run on radio waves, which wirelessly transmit digital data from place to place. If you connect to an open, unsecured network and a ...As the name implies, this is a standard for passing EAP over a wired or wireless local area network. With 802.1X, you package EAP messages in Ethernet frames and don’t use PPP at all. It’s ...A new window displays where you can set the configuration for WPA 2 enterprise mode operation. Under the General tab, enter the Profile Name and the SSID that the client adapter will use. In this example, the profile name and the SSID are WPA2: Note: The SSID must match the SSID that you configured on the AP for WPA 2.WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) are two security standards that protect wireless networks. WPA2 is the second generation of the Wi-Fi Protected Access security standard and so is more secure than its predecessor, WPA. Your Wi-Fi router likely includes both WPA and WPA2 security protocol options.PMP 450 software advancements increase sector throughput capacity by up to 30% and new Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) antenna options can extend... PMP 450 software advancements ...Nov 25, 2023 · Released in 2018, WPA3 is an updated and more secure version of the Wi-Fi Protected Access protocol to secure wireless networks. As we described in the comparison of WPA2 with WPA, WPA2 has been the recommended way to secure your wireless network since 2004 because it is more secure than WEP and WPA.WPA3 …Jan 15, 2021 ... If your business operates a WiFi network, learn why WPA-Enterprise is more secure & better for business, compared to WPA-Personal. · This is an open source tool to dump the wifi profiles and cleartext passwords of the connected access points on the Windows machine. This tool will help you in a Wifi penetration testing. Furthermore, it is useful while performing red team or an internal infrastructure engagements. penetration-testing wireless-network wifi-dumper wireless ...The Wireless - Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) 4-way handshake is a security process used in wireless networks to validate a client...Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.. Visit Stack ExchangeIn today’s digital era, a stable and reliable internet connection is crucial for both personal and professional use. One of the key components that ensures a smooth wireless connec...'ESSID:"testing"' is the name of the WiFi network. 'IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1' is the authentication used. In this case it's WPA2, the newer and more secure wireless standard which replaces WPA. This guide should work for WPA or WPA2, but may not work for WPA2 enterprise. For WEP hex keys, see the last example here. You'll also need the ...Description. Aircrack- ng is a complete suite of tools to assess WiFi network security. It focuses on different areas of WiFi security: Monitoring: Packet capture and export of data to text files for further processing by third party tools. Attacking: Replay attacks, deauthentication, fake access points and others via packet injection.Jun 29, 2020 · Finally there was wireless encryption that lacked all of WEP’s major weaknesses. But WPS (WiFi Protected Setup) is a part of WPA2 technology that was made to make using WiFi easier with certain devices. Without getting into too much technical jargon, cyber attackers found a way to bypass WPA2 encryption through WPS. In terms of Internet speed, most people agree that faster is always better. If you’re wondering what your network speed is, there are speed tests available on the Internet that ena...Wireless security: WEP, WPA, WPA2 and WPA3 differences. As wireless networks have evolved, so have the protocols for securing them. Get an overview of …Wireless security is another aspect of computer security. Organizations may be particularly vulnerable to security breaches caused by rogue access points.. If an employee adds a wireless interface to an unsecured port of a system, they may create a breach in network security that would allow access to confidential materials. Countermeasures like disabling …You can also try the WPS method if your router/printer supports this only if the Wizard or Printer USB cable is not available. * Set router to a fixed wireless channel like 1, 6 or 11, never ‘auto’. Try channel 1 first then the others one at a time. * Make sure printer and router are at least 5 feet apart.Jun 29, 2020 · But WPS (WiFi Protected Setup) is a part of WPA2 technology that was made to make using WiFi easier with certain devices. Without getting into too much technical jargon, cyber attackers found a way to bypass WPA2 encryption through WPS. If WPA2 is the most recent standard your devices can use, you should definitely choose it.Oct 21, 2020 · Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) A new, interim standard sought to temporarily “patch” the problem of WEP’s (lack of) security. The name Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) certainly sounds more secure, so that’s a good start. However, WPA first started out with another, more descriptive name. WPA keys are typically found on a label on the router or on a document from the ISP. If these methods are unsuccessful, you can attempt to find the WPA key through your web browser...Oct 3, 2017 · In WPA, AES was optional, but in WPA2, AES is mandatory and TKIP is optional. In terms of security, AES is much more secure than TKIP. There have been some issues found in WPA2, but they are only problems in corporate environments and don’t apply to home users. WPA uses either a 64-bit or 128-bit key, the most common being 64-bit for home ... As the name implies, this is a standard for passing EAP over a wired or wireless local area network. With 802.1X, you package EAP messages in Ethernet frames and don’t use PPP at all. It’s ...Click the Refresh button to view the wireless networks, and then select your wireless network. Figure : Select the wireless network. ... If the security is WPA, the installer enables the Next button when you enter a password that is more than 8 characters and fewer than 63 characters.You create two separate wpa_supplicant.conf files, one for each interface. Then you specify which conf file goes with which interface when you invoke wpa_supplicant.You use the -N option to show that you want to start describing a new interface.. This example comes right out of the wpa_supplicant(8) man page:. wpa_supplicant \ -c wpa1.conf -i wlan0 -D …RSN. Another element of the 802.11i is Robust Security Network (RSN), which dynamically negotiates the authentication and encryption algorithms to be used for communications between WAPs and wireless clients. This means that as new threats are discovered, new algorithms can be added. RSN uses the Advanced Encryption Standard …Dec 13, 2023 · To keep you safe while browsing, some wireless networks have security protocols that encrypt your online data. When you look at a wireless network’s security, a few options will be available. These choices will include none, WEP, WPA, WPA2-Personal, WPA2-Enterprise and possibly WPA3. Wireless network security begins with authentication ... (WPA) and WPA2. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). WPA ... WPA3-PSK provides enhanced security by allowing the ...Debian and other distros have wpa_suplicant running as a service by default in order to manage the wifi networks. wpa_suplicant can be handled by different clients/front-ends such as the network manager GUI. This is better explained in this debian wiki. wpa_cli is the command line wpa_suplicant client to manage the wifi networks.WPA2-PSK. WPA2-PSK can be configured to use a password of up to 63 characters, which should be secure enough for any organization to adopt. However, it turns out that is not the case. The reason has to do with the management of WPA2-PSKs. An employee that leaves the organization may know the pre-shared key and have kept a copy.to know the SSID (wireless network name) and security key (WEP or WPA key). The following steps will provide guidance how to retrieve this information from your router. You can go directly to page 10 if you know both SSID and security key. What is SSID (Wireless Network Name)? The name of the Wi-Fi network. Select this name in the player’s ...Description. Aircrack- ng is a complete suite of tools to assess WiFi network security. It focuses on different areas of WiFi security: Monitoring: Packet capture and export of data to text files for further processing by third party tools. Attacking: Replay attacks, deauthentication, fake access points and others via packet injection.At (1) you should see your wireless network name, at (2) you should see the IP address provided by the access point. Connecting to WiFi Without a Keyboard. Do this with the RetroPie SD card attached to a desktop PC. Create a file called wpa_supplicant.conf in the /boot folder (boot partition) using theIn order to address the increasing vulnerabilities of its predecessor, WEP, WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) was introduced as a wireless security protocol in 2003. Because the WPA Wi-Fi protocol employs a 256-bit encryption key—a significant improvement over the 64-bit and 128-bit keys used by the WEP system—it is more …I am going to break it down for you. Step1: Download the project file. Step2: Decompress the project file as it is a compress archive. You can ask ChatGPT for the correct command to unzip the file ...The days when networking required several external devices and, perhaps, an in-home visit from a technician are over. Many machines such as computers, printers, and even home theat...Sep 11, 2006 · In April 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance introduced an interoperable security protocol known as WiFi Protected Access (WPA), based on draft 3 of the IEEE 802.11i amendment. WPA was designed to be a ...Wi-Fi Protected Access is a Wi-Fi security technology developed in response to the weaknesses of Wired Equivalent Privacy standards. It improves upon WEP's …Even if the file doesn’t already exist on your system, you can create it and it will be read by the network manager. auto wlan0 iface wlan0 inet dhcp wpa-essid mywifiname wpa-psk mypass Be sure to replace wlan0 with the name of your own wireless interface, and substitute your own Wi-Fi’s name (ESSID) and password where we’ve put our …1) Encryption technology. All BT Hubs include a built-in security system that protects your wi-fi network from anyone trying to access it without your wireless key. Check the table to see what type of wireless security your model of Hub uses. WPA2 (and its predecessor WPA) are encryption technologies used to keep wireless networks secure and ...Click the Refresh button to view the wireless networks, and then select your wireless network. Figure : Select the wireless network. ... If the security is WPA, the installer enables the Next button when you enter a password that is more than 8 characters and fewer than 63 characters.Here’s how to connect your Android phone to a WPA2 Enterprise wireless network. Click on any of the pictures to enlarge them. Step One: At main screen hit the menu button and select settings. Step Two: Select “Wireless & networks”. Step Three: Select “Wi-Fi settings”. Step Four: Select the network desired. Notice it doesn’t ...Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), and Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) are the primary security algorithms you'll see when setting …

Initially WEP was expected to offer the same security level for wireless networks as wired networks do, however there are a lot of well-known issues in WEP, which are easy to exploit. WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) was used as a temporary security enhancement for WEP while the 802.11i wireless security standard was in its development stage. . Linia directa

wpa wireless network

Your Windows 10 device may display a message telling you to “Enter the network security key”. This can cause some confusion, but it's worth noting that the network security key, WiFi key, and ...This will turn it from a mere network card to a wireless network reader. First you need to find out the name of your wireless card. ... You should see at the right top : WPA handshake: <mac address>. Once you have verified that, you can stop the replay attack and the airodump-ng scan. Carrying out the replay attack to get the handshake.A new window displays where you can set the configuration for WPA 2 enterprise mode operation. Under the General tab, enter the Profile Name and the SSID that the client adapter will use. In this example, the profile name and the SSID are WPA2: Note: The SSID must match the SSID that you configured on the AP for WPA 2. WPA vs. WPA2. WPA2 is more secure than its predecessor, WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), and should be used whenever possible. Wireless routers support multiple security protocols to secure wireless networks, including WEP, WPA and WPA2. Of the three, WPA2 is the most secure, as this comparison explains. In 2018, the Wi-Fi Alliance released WPA3 ... PMP 450 software advancements increase sector throughput capacity by up to 30% and new Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) antenna options can extend... PMP 450 software advancements ...To find the SSID of a wireless network, locate the wireless router, and look for the SSID label on the bottom or side panel. Alternatively, open an Internet browser, type the route...Aug 29, 2010 · 08-29-2010 07:24 PM. OK, this resets the network settings: on the front of the printer, click Setup [Scan] > Network > Reset Network Defauts. Also, tell me about your network - router brand/model, encryption type (WEP, WPA, etc) and ISP type (DSL, Cable, etc) and I can offer some other methods that may be easier than the USB setup of wireless ... Nov 17, 2021 · Many older wireless routers for home networks support both WPA and WPA2 technology, and administrators must choose which one to run. WPA2 is a simpler, safer choice. WPA2 is a simpler, safer choice. Using WPA2 requires Wi-Fi hardware to work harder while running the more advanced encryption algorithms, which can theoretically …WPA3 is a wireless network security algorithm that replaces WPA2. It was introduced in 2018, and all Wi-Fi devices certified after July 2020 are required to support …Feb 14, 2022 · Select Network & Internet. Choose Wi-Fi in the left panel. Click the name of the wireless network you’re connected to. Next to Security type you’ll see the wireless network protocol you’re using. If you’re using WPA2 vs WPA3, but want to switch to WPA3, you first need to ensure that the Protocol field in your Wi-Fi network settings says ... Dec 12, 2023 · Wireless supplicant. If the wireless network is set up with WPA or WPA2, then a wireless supplicant like wpa_supplicant or iwd needs to be used. For more information on configuring wireless networking in Gentoo Linux, please read the Wireless networking chapter in the Gentoo Handbook. TestingJan 9, 2024 · Analyzing and evaluating the security standards in wireless networks: A review study – This academic paper provides a detailed analysis of different wireless security protocols, including WEP, WPA, WPA2, and WPA3. It offers a categorization of these protocols and discusses their applications in wireless network security. Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.. Visit Stack Exchange5 days ago · aircrack-ng Usage Examples WPA Wordlist Mode Specify the wordlist to use (-w password.lst) and the path to the capture file (wpa.cap) containing at least one 4-way handshake. root@kali:~# aircrack-ng -w password.lst wpa.cap Aircrack-ng 1.5.2 [00:00:00] 232/233 keys tested (1992.58 k/s) Time left: 0 seconds 99.57% KEY FOUND! [ biscotte ] …As the name implies, this is a standard for passing EAP over a wired or wireless local area network. With 802.1X, you package EAP messages in Ethernet frames and don’t use PPP at all. It’s ...WPA is a wireless network security algorithm with the aim of fixing the serious flaws found in WEP. It is just a middle step between WEP and WPA2, which we will cover next. It has been announced in 2003 and developed in a way that even the devices produced prior to announcement of WPA could support it, ...Feb 6, 2024 ... WiFi networks run on radio waves, which wirelessly transmit digital data from place to place. If you connect to an open, unsecured network and a ...Mar 11, 2008 · For list-name, specify the authentication method list. Step 6. authentication key-management { [ wpa] [ cckm ]} [ optional] (Optional) Sets the authentication type for the SSID to WPA, CCKM, or both. If you use the optional keyword, client devices other than WPA and CCKM clients can use this SSID. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security standard to secure computers connected to a Wi-Fi network. Its purpose is to address serious weaknesses in the previous ...Dec 12, 2023 · Wireless supplicant. If the wireless network is set up with WPA or WPA2, then a wireless supplicant like wpa_supplicant or iwd needs to be used. For more information on configuring wireless networking in Gentoo Linux, please read the Wireless networking chapter in the Gentoo Handbook. Testing.

Popular Topics