Inside a squirrel nest - Conclusion. When the trees in which the squirrels are residing get cut then they generally move over to other nearby trees where they had previously set up backup nests beforehand. These backup locations are not only located to nearby trees but to other building structures, burrows, dens, or whatever area where they feel safe. However in case ...

 
One day an elderly woman, on her way home saw a little squirrel fallen out of a hollow. The woman felt sorry for the squirrel, and she took a decision to рi.... How much is a large fry at mcdonalds

Squirrel nests are usually hollow spheres, and they look more like a ball of leaves than they do a basin-like nest. Squirrels are also more likely to build their nests in dens inside of …Squirrel boning, of course. June 5th - the night before D-Day. Rare Roman mausoleum unearthed in London. Same spot four weeks apart. Insides of figs are small flowers, sometimes they get tricked. This bamboo bridge in Laos is on part of the old Ho Chi Minh trail, it is rebuilt by hand every year after the monsoon season, pics are mine, YouTube ...Trim your trees: One of the best ways to prevent squirrel reentry is to trim tree branches back to 6 feet away from the roofline. Also, remove tree limbs and branches …Squirrels will think there are people inside and force the animals to go elsewhere. You can also place the radio closer to the nest. If you choose to put it in ...Inside a squirrel's nest. Model: AIVision Size: 1024 X 1024 (1.05 MP) Used settings: Prompt: From a pit, deep in a grim cave, several hamsters, with shear like claws, lolling tongues and convex translucent eyes are emerging. Face enhance: No; Upscale & Enhance: 0; Aspect Ratio: squareThe outside of the drey is woven with these materials to form a shelter with a hallow inside. These dreys are one type of squirrel nest, used by squirrels for staying safe, sleeping, keeping warm, and raising young. Most squirrels build dreys as a solitary activity. Squirrels have also been known to take over older dreys that have been …Nests are commonly made of grass, bark and sticks. Found in the branches of trees, dense vegetative growth, or cavities in tree trunks. Each squirrel has several nests. Females will move their babies between nests. However, red squirrels will nest anywhere close to pine trees and store food in one central place.I recently met a four-star general. He one of the most interesting people I’ve ever met, but instead of talking about himself he took a sincere interest in everyone around him. A ...This gives protection and solace to the squirrels inside. Feathers and Fur: Squirrels may likewise integrate fur, feathers, or other creature materials to upgrade the home’s protection and make it cozier. What Is the Purpose of Squirrel Nests? Squirrel homes fill a few fundamental needs in the existences of these little, tree-staying rodents:Squirrel Dray/Nest. http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/11/19/squirrel_feature.shtml …Gray Squirrel Nesting Habits. Squirrels build nests for sleeping and rearing young. Usually built 30 feet off the ground in the fork of a tree limb, squirrels can typically build summer leaf nests in a day. Tree dens are warm, protective nests built in hollow tree trunks. Particularly important during winter months, litters born in tree dens ...The goose: friend or foe? This depends mostly on whether or not it’s nesting season. If a goose has something to protect, it will defend itself—and a goose can mess you up. The goo...Conclusion. Sick squirrel behavior often includes lethargy, lack of coordination, bare patches of skin, and discharge around the eyes or nose. Diseases like metabolic bone disease, mange, abscesses, and rabies are common in squirrels. If you spot an unwell squirrel, contact wildlife rehabilitators for advice rather than intervening … A squirrel lives in a nest known as a ‘drey’, comprising of a dense ball of interwoven twigs (roughly the size of a football), lined inside with soft materials including moss, leaves, grass and fir. Dreys are usually located in the fork of a branch tight against the tree trunk, around two-thirds of the way up the tree. Step One: Place the box with the squirrels (and a heat source) as close as possible to where they were originally found (e.g. if they were found inside the shed on a shelf, they should go back inside the shed on the same shelf). If they can’t go back exactly where they were found, they should be put as close to the area and entry point to the ...Tree squirrels build their nests high above the ground, usually at heights of 20 feet or more, out of various natural materials including bark, twigs, fur, and leaves. The nest that tree squirrels build is a “ drey “. The squirrel builds its drey in the high-up forks of tree branches or in tree hollows. The inside of a squirrel’s nest is warm and waterproof. They are built with a collection of twigs, bark, and moss to insulate the nest to keep their kits and themselves warm. Considering their nests are built from natural materials, it’s amazing that squirrels can build waterproof nests. The squirrel animal totem holds deep symbolic meanings and is believed to offer guidance, abundance, success, and teach valuable lessons about patience and timing. Let’s explore the different aspects of the squirrel animal totem and how it can impact our lives. Squirrel Animal Totem as a Guide for Navigating Life’s ChallengesSquirrels may be cute and fuzzy, but they can also wreak havoc on your property. From chewing through electrical wires to nesting in your attic, these critters can cause a whole ho...Squirrels build nests to shelter themselves from the elements and predators and store food, such as nuts and acorns, to eat later when food is scarce. squirrel nest. Do Male Squirrels Build Nests? …Recognizing A Squirrel Nest. Squirrels live in a home called a drey. You can keep a keen eye out for squirrel nests when exploring the great outdoors. Look for round-shaped dens high up in trees made with leaves and twigs. Clusters of pine cones on tree branches may also indicate their presence and scratch marks on trees.Evidence of flying squirrels can be found through droppings, tracks, scents or actual sightings. Inspect the roofline of your home for chew marks and small entry points. In addition to scratching sounds in the middle of the night, you may also hear low, soft chirping or clucking sounds. These social beings live in colonies of up to 20 squirrels ...Dreys are built in conifers during summer months for young rearing. Northern Flying Squirrels are known to share nests during the winter months to remain warm and control body temperature. There can be as many as ten Northern Flying Squirrels sharing one nest. Next time you go for a walk, look way up at the trees and …Squirrel living in hole inside our Norwegian Maple tree #750405. Over the weekend we just noticed a small hole approx, 6 feet up the trunk of our lovely Norwegian Maple. The hole is exactly where two large trunks divide. We also saw a squirrel going in and out of the hole and am assuming it to be a nest. First, will this kill or severely …Nesting in Attic: Squirrels enter attics through small openings, typically near a home’s roofline. The gaps may be small initially but are typically enlarged by the squirrel. ... Transport in a metal crate, or a cardboard box placed inside another box. Squirrels can chew through boxes and even plastic pet carriers; if you have a long drive ...Squirrels build nests, also called dreys, to live in and raise their young. They typically consist of a large spherical structure ranging from 10 to 30 inches in diameter, usually built in the forks of tree branches, the attics of homes, or other sheltered nooks and crannies. The nests have an outer shell and an inner chamber carefully lined ...Squirrel nest (drey) on top of a A drey is the nest of a tree squirrel or a flying squirrel. Dreys are usually built of twigs, dry leaves, and grass, and typically assembled in the forks of a tall tree. squirrel nest stock pictures, royalty-free photos & imagesThe nests are usually at least six metres from the ground. Squirrels can also take over a hole in a tree trunk. They simply line the hollow with soft materials to create their nest. If a smaller creature such as a woodpecker has created the hollow, the squirrel will gnaw around the hole to make it bigger.Squirrel Safety is Priority Number One. The primary reason squirrels will use this house is as a nest to raise their babies. It turns out that raccoons think baby squirrels are a pretty tasty meal. The Nut House is designed with two layers of protection against raccoons. The first layer or protection is a baffle inside the house, directly below ...In addition to nesting, squirrels are also driven by their need to find food. They are omnivores and consume a variety of nuts, seeds, fruits, and even small insects. If your gutters have collected seeds or fruits from nearby trees, squirrels may be drawn to these areas in search of a meal. Furthermore, squirrels are skilled climbers and jumpers.Oct 29, 2020 · Also, a female squirrel could choose your chimney to nest her babies. If the damper is open, you may see acorns or other nuts on your fireplace floor. How To Get Rid of Them. Getting the squirrel to climb back out of the chimney is your best bet, says Kripena. “Hang a thick (about 3/4-inch) long rope from the top of the chimney all the way ... Tree squirrels build their nests high above the ground, usually at heights of 20 feet or more, out of various natural materials including bark, twigs, fur, and leaves. The nest that tree squirrels build is a “ drey “. The squirrel builds its drey in the high-up forks of tree branches or in tree hollows.Tree squirrels. Tree squirrels typically maintain a nest comprised of woven twigs, leaves, and grass – commonly referred to as a drey. Because most of the predators tree squirrels face live on the ground, a drey may be found situated between two tree branches, or next to a trunk, toward the top of any given tree.In addition to nesting, squirrels are also driven by their need to find food. They are omnivores and consume a variety of nuts, seeds, fruits, and even small insects. If your gutters have collected seeds or fruits from nearby trees, squirrels may be drawn to these areas in search of a meal. Furthermore, squirrels are skilled climbers and jumpers.Squirrels also often huddle together, along with their babies, for extra warmth inside the nest. If given a chance, a squirrel will build a winter nest in your roof or attic. ... A ground squirrel’s nest is a few feet underground (2- 6 feet deep), and so the squirrel is more protected from the cold than tree squirrels. To remove a squirrel from inside your home, set one-way exclusion doors or live cage traps (baited with seeds, crackers or fruit). To ensure that an infestation won’t return, it is recommended that one seals all existing holes and also removes any baby squirrels by cutting out a portion of the wall and removing the squirrel nest with thick ... Squirrels build nests, also called dreys, to live in and raise their young. They typically consist of a large spherical structure ranging from 10 to 30 inches in diameter, usually built in the forks of tree branches, the attics of homes, or other sheltered nooks and crannies. The nests have an outer shell and an inner chamber carefully lined ...Squirrel Dray/Nest. http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/11/19/squirrel_feature.shtml …Step One: Place the box with the squirrels (and a heat source) as close as possible to where they were originally found (e.g. if they were found inside the shed on a shelf, they should go back inside the shed on the same shelf). If they can’t go back exactly where they were found, they should be put as close to the area and entry point to the ...The goose: friend or foe? This depends mostly on whether or not it’s nesting season. If a goose has something to protect, it will defend itself—and a goose can mess you up. The goo...Cute cartoon chicks and birds inside nest. Easter decorative. Ground squirrel collecting material for nesting, Yosemite National Park, California Stock Photo.Inside a squirrel nest. This nest is empty and blew down. Squirrels can't carry an entire nest back up a tree so I left the materials in a protected place at...Challenges with Squirrel Nests. While many homeowners believe that squirrels are cute animals that are nice to have around, there are some unique challenges that a squirrel nest under your solar panels can bring. These are damage to your wires and a fire hazard. Squirrels love to gnaw at various items with their teeth.The inner cavity of a squirrel’s nest is usually about eight inches in diameter and lined with further material, these can comprise shredded pieces of bark, dry grasses, and dry leaves. However, some squirrel species, including Gray Squirrels, often …May 27, 2022 · The best places for the squirrel to make a stealth entrance are in places less used. Attics, basements, and crawl spaces are the most common. Inspect and secure these areas as you would the rest listed to ensure no reentry. 10. Trees Near the House Are a perfect jumping-off point for squirrels. I recently met a four-star general. He one of the most interesting people I’ve ever met, but instead of talking about himself he took a sincere interest in everyone around him. A ...Answers for squirrel's nest (4) crossword clue, 4 letters. Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Find clues for squirrel's nest (4) or most any crossword answer or clues for crossword answers.Oct 10, 2023 · During this birthing phase, female squirrels typically give birth to 2 to 5 offspring per mating season. These baby squirrels, often called kits or pups, are born hairless, toothless, and blind. Born in such a delicate condition, they solely depend on their mother’s care and warmth during the initial stages of life. Make loud noises at the fireplace to scare the squirrel up the chimney and encourage it back out to the roof. You can also carefully attach a long, thick rope (at least 3/4 inch thick) to the top of the chimney, and drop it …Using a bird nest box for squirrel habitat: As squirrels love to dwell inside the cavities often made by the woodpeckers or other animals, they easily adapt to nest boxes. You can use the bird nest boxes for squirrels as well. You will find a number of low-priced ready-made bird boxes for bluebirds, wood ducks and screech owls easily in the ...Squirrel nests are made of a variety of interwoven material including twigs, bark, fur, feathers, leaves and grass. Nests will typically be shaped like a globe and be about one …Sep 30, 2021 · Squirrels build nests to shelter themselves from the elements and predators and store food, such as nuts and acorns, to eat later when food is scarce. squirrel nest. Do Male Squirrels Build Nests? Yes, male squirrels do build nests. This instinctual behavior is driven by their natural urge to create a place of safety and shelter for themselves. You can provide shelter by planting native trees and shrubs that provide food and cover, or by building a nest box specifically for squirrels. Just be sure to locate the nest box in a …Squirrel nests, also known as dreys, are used to stay safe, dry, and warm through cold periods. So, let’s explore the squirrel nest and its characteristics below. ... The interior of the drey is lined with extra material, typically shredded bark, grass, and leaves. The inside part of those nests is around 6 to 8 inches in diameter. However ...There are several steps you can take to prevent squirrels from nesting in your gutters: Install gutter guards or screens to prevent squirrels from entering your gutters. Keep your gutters clean and free of debris, as this can discourage squirrels from nesting in them. Seal any gaps or openings in your roof or eaves to prevent squirrels … Squirrel nests are usually larger than bird nests because squirrels need more room to move around. Another way to tell the difference is to look at the shape of the nest. A squirrel’s nest is generally more round and conical in shape, while a bird’s nest resembles a cup. Finally, you can usually tell the difference by looking at the ... The multiple sheets of leaves served as watertight interlocking shingles, because the nest was dry inside. The leaf layers sheltered a 4-centimeter-thick [1.5 in.] ... In 2015, the BBC’s Winterwatch series mentioned that research in Finland has found the temperature inside a squirrel drey can be 20-30C (68-86F) warmer than the air temperature ...To make a squirrel nesting box, you will need lumber, a hammer, nails, a saw, and a drill. First, cut the lumber into pieces according to your desired box size. Assemble the back, sides, and bottom of the box using nails and a hammer. Drill a small entrance hole near the top of the front panel.Nov 17, 2008 · http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/11/19/squirrel_feature.shtml Squirrel Dray/Nest At night, squirrels conclude their activities by retreating to nests, which are primarily built in trees. Like birds, most squirrels build nests to serve as homes, which they use f...These large clumps of leaves are called dreys, according to MassAudubon. All different types of squirrels in Massachusetts create these nests, including the Eastern Gray Squirrel, Red Squirrel ...Squirrel nests typically measure one foot in diameter and contain interwoven twigs, along with leaves, mosses, strips of bark and other soft nesting material. The entrance to the nest usually has two …Mar 5, 2023 · Right inside the squirrel door, you should install ashelf to prevent the predators from reaching through. The shelf right under the entrance will block the raccoonarms and provide a safer nest for both the squirrel mother and the little ones. 3. Squirrel stairs. Squirrels are good at climbing. A squirrel nest, also known as a drey, is an intriguing creation that is generally identical in design and construction regardless as to which species of squirrel is responsible for building it. ... The final thing to know about squirrels is that they will also be willing to set up shop inside birds’ nests which have been abandoned by their ...To make a squirrel nesting box, you will need lumber, a hammer, nails, a saw, and a drill. First, cut the lumber into pieces according to your desired box size. Assemble the back, sides, and bottom of the box using nails and a hammer. Drill a small entrance hole near the top of the front panel.Are you tired of constantly adjusting the temperature in your home? Do you want a smarter, more energy-efficient way to control your heating and cooling systems? Look no further th...Red Squirrel Nesting Habits. The American red squirrel jumps gracefully from branch to branch. They run along the top of the fence. Leap to another tree. With their mouth full of seeds or nuts. Cheeks bulging out as it climbs. It …The multiple sheets of leaves served as watertight interlocking shingles, because the nest was dry inside. The leaf layers sheltered a 4-centimeter-thick [1.5 in.] ... In 2015, the BBC’s Winterwatch series mentioned that research in Finland has found the temperature inside a squirrel drey can be 20-30C (68-86F) warmer than the air temperature ...Step One: Place the box with the squirrels (and a heat source) as close as possible to where they were originally found (e.g. if they were found inside the shed on a shelf, they should go back inside the shed on the same shelf). If they can’t go back exactly where they were found, they should be put as close to the area and entry point to the ... Drey. Eastern gray squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis) drey. A drey is the nest of a tree squirrel, flying squirrel or ringtail possum. [1] Dreys are usually built of twigs, dry leaves, and grass, and typically assembled in the forks of a tall tree. [2] They are sometimes referred to as "drey nests" to distinguish them from squirrel "cavity nests ... Apply cayenne pepper or peppermint oil spray to deter squirrels from nesting and entering your walls. ... Trapping a squirrel inside has nasty consequences, from more destruction to the terrible odor of a rotting corpse if it expires. Consider purchasing an excluder door. Excluders act as one-way doors, allowing squirrels to leave but not come ...Jan 29, 2016 ... 22.08.2014 - Squirrel gathering leaves for its nest. In addition to dreys Tree squirrels also build nests, called dens, inside hollowed-out ...What Does a Squirrel Nest in Your Gutter Look Like? ... When there is a squirrel stuck in a gutter, the animal has a high chance of dying inside or damaging ducts as it struggles to get out. In addition to creating foul smells and attracting insects, dead squirrels can still transmit diseases. Leave removal to trained wildlife experts.Dec 20, 2023 · Here’s how to do it effectively: Use humane live traps with appealing bait like peanut butter and check them twice daily. Apply cayenne pepper or peppermint oil spray to deter squirrels from nesting and entering your walls. Create a homemade apple cider vinegar spray to prevent the squirrels from staying in your walls. While certain species of squirrels do hibernate, most remain in nests to stay warm, emerging only at midday to dig up their stored food. Some places you might find a squirrel nest include tree cavities, nest boxes, burrows, garages, attics, chimneys, dryer vents, crawl spaces, and under car hoods. Squirrels in the wild will opt for natural nest ...You can provide shelter by planting native trees and shrubs that provide food and cover, or by building a nest box specifically for squirrels. Just be sure to locate the nest box in a …Nov 18, 2015 ... A drey built in tree branches can be as high as 30 feet off the ground, and one of a few nests built by the same squirrel, which act as ...Mount the squirrel house. Fit the squirrel house between the two nails previously inserted into the tree. The goal is to have the nails fit the house’s width in a snug manner. Then use the wire from the previous step to secure the squirrel house. 5. Add food.And squirrel babies are as mischievous as human toddlers. They will chomp wires, chew holes in your ceiling, and cause chaos around the nest. If the nest is in your attic, you will need to solve the problem fast, How Squirrels Get inside, to Begin With. Squirrels will use a variety of methods to enter your house.While certain species of squirrels do hibernate, most remain in nests to stay warm, emerging only at midday to dig up their stored food. Some places you might find a squirrel nest include tree cavities, nest boxes, burrows, garages, attics, chimneys, dryer vents, crawl spaces, and under car hoods. Squirrels in the wild will opt for natural nest ...Nesting in Attic: Squirrels enter attics through small openings, typically near a home’s roofline. The gaps may be small initially but are typically enlarged by the squirrel. ... Transport in a metal crate, or a cardboard box placed inside another box. Squirrels can chew through boxes and even plastic pet carriers; if you have a long drive ...Squirrels are known to chew on wood and other materials to create a nest inside your home. Additionally, squirrels can chew your chimney flashing, which are the metal pieces that seal your chimney to your roof. This can cause water damage to your home and lead to expensive repairs like replacing your roof. 4. Droppings in or around …Using a bird nest box for squirrel habitat: As squirrels love to dwell inside the cavities often made by the woodpeckers or other animals, they easily adapt to nest boxes. You can use the bird nest boxes for squirrels as well. You will find a number of low-priced ready-made bird boxes for bluebirds, wood ducks and screech owls easily in the ...Squirrels may wait out a heavy rainstorm in their nests, while using their tails to provide protection during light rain so that they may still forage for food or play. Squirrels m...Working for a government agency or a tax-exempt organization means you might have money squirreled away for retirement in a 457 plan. If you'd prefer to pay taxes now and get your ...Drey. The majority of squirrel nests, known as dreys, are made of compressed materials including twigs, bark, leaves, moss, and other materials that are …Aug 31, 2016 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ... Squirrels sometimes find their way into buildings through loose siding or ventilation screens. Once inside, they can damage walls, insulation, and electrical wires. General Biology. All five squirrel species nest in tree cavities, human-made squirrel boxes, or in leaf nests.

Squirrel nests are often about six to eight inches in diameter. For the winter months, squirrels will build dens. These are nests inside of hollow tree trunks. This type of nest provides more warmth for the cold season. Sometimes a squirrel will use an abandoned nest made by another squirrel or a different animal.. Peekza

inside a squirrel nest

There are several steps you can take to prevent squirrels from nesting in your gutters: Install gutter guards or screens to prevent squirrels from entering your gutters. Keep your gutters clean and free of debris, as this can discourage squirrels from nesting in them. Seal any gaps or openings in your roof or eaves to prevent squirrels …Feb 28, 2023 · Squirrel nests typically measure one foot in diameter and contain interwoven twigs, along with leaves, mosses, strips of bark and other soft nesting material. The entrance to the nest usually has two openings for easy access to the interior. These nests’ design provides insulation and protection against harsh weather conditions like rain ... Mar 8, 2022 · Join Ranger Amanda as she takes an in depth look at a tree squirrel nest. You never know what we might discover. This video works best on a smartphone. Check me out on Facebook ... Jan 1, 1997 · Squirrels sometimes find their way into buildings through loose siding or ventilation screens. Once inside, they can damage walls, insulation, and electrical wires. General Biology. All five squirrel species nest in tree cavities, human-made squirrel boxes, or in leaf nests. Squirrels also often huddle together, along with their babies, for extra warmth inside the nest. If given a chance, a squirrel will build a winter nest in your roof or attic. Click here for all the signs to look for if you want to know if you have squirrels. Squirrels grow a thick winter coat Nesting in Attic: Squirrels enter attics through small openings, typically near a home’s roofline. The gaps may be small initially but are typically enlarged by the squirrel. ... Transport in a metal crate, or a cardboard box placed inside another box. Squirrels can chew through boxes and even plastic pet carriers; if you have a long drive ...Squirrels sometimes find their way into buildings through loose siding or ventilation screens. Once inside, they can damage walls, insulation, and electrical wires. General Biology. All five squirrel species nest in tree cavities, human-made squirrel boxes, or in leaf nests.Having squirrels in your backyard can be fun to watch, but it can also cause damage to your property. Squirrels can dig holes in your lawn, chew on wires and wood, and even eat the...Red Squirrel Nesting Habits. The American red squirrel jumps gracefully from branch to branch. They run along the top of the fence. Leap to another tree. With their mouth full of seeds or nuts. Cheeks bulging out as it climbs. It drops the food. Turns around. Heads back to start again.Consult a local wildlife agency about the types of squirrels in your area to make sure you’re providing what makes sense for their diets. If building a squirrel house sounds too complicated or ...If you’re a homeowner who loves spending time in the backyard, you know how frustrating it can be to deal with pesky squirrels. These cute little critters may seem harmless at firs...The inner cavity of its leaf nest is about six to eight inches in diameter and lined with more material, usually shredded bark, grass and leaves. However, some squirrel species, including Gray Squirrels, can have nests that are much larger. Some nest cavities can span 2 feet wide!4. Lined with Soft Materials: Inside the nest, squirrels line the interior with softer materials such as grass, feathers, fur, and even discarded man-made materials like shredded paper or plastic. This lining adds a layer of comfort and insulation, making the nest a …Jan 2, 2024 · Inside a squirrel nest. This nest is empty and blew down. Squirrels can't carry an entire nest back up a tree so I left the materials in a protected place at... This squirrel house will entertain you while the squirrels work their way through the maze to get to the food you provide them. Visit the Workshop Supply website to purchase the plans. Once it is built, the house measures 25″ high x 27″ wide x 5-1/2″ deep. You can even buy squirrel house plans and build something unique.That’s because squirrels sometimes build their nests inside of bird nests, and sometimes birds build their nests on top of squirrel dreys. It can get pretty confusing up there! One clue is that if you find leaves weaving in the nest, that is for sure a squirrel’s nest because birds usually don’t do that. Another clue is positioning of the ...I know this feeling. It’s familiar. Yes, I’ve felt this before. Except – gosh, it’s been years. A little restless. Determined. Moving with e...Nov 25, 2020 ... Squirrel nests are made from a variety of interwoven material including twigs, bark, fur, feathers, leaves and grass. The final touches include ....

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